Guide to Fighting Macintosh Viruses:
Instructions for the Rest of Us

September 6, 1990
Christopher E. Shull
The Wharton School
University of Pennsylvania
Shull@wharton.upenn.edu

Disclaimer and Copyright Notice

This document may help you understand and cope with Macintosh viruses. It
may however fail in this objective. Use it at your own risk. Neither the
author, Christopher E. Shull, nor his employer, the University of
Pennsylvania, make any warranty, either express or implied, with respect to
the information contained herein.

Copyright 1990, University of Pennsylvania. Permission is granted to make
and distribute copies of this document, provided this disclaimer and
copyright notice are preserved on all copies. The document may not,
however, be sold or distributed for profit.

Instructions

This document describes how to cope with Macintosh viruses.

1)	Do Not Panic. As of this writing, all known Macintosh viruses are easily
detected, destroyed and prevented. Simply read these instructions from
front-to-back, and then follow them step-by-step.

2)	Using Disinfectant to Find, Kill and Prevent Viruses.

	a)	Obtain a boot-able diskette containing the program Disinfectant from a
trusted source. Disinfectant was written by John Norstad of Northwestern
University. The current version is 2.1, dated August 18, 1990.

	b)	Write Lock this diskette by sliding the write protect tab to the open
position (so you can peek through the little hole).

	c)	Start or Restart your Mac from this diskette.

	d)	Run Disinfectant by double-clicking on its icon, read the RQuick StartS
section (which is also appended to this document), and then follow the
step-by-step directions therein.

	e)	Disinfectant will report the details of its work in its center window.

	f)	Examine the summary report to make sure all viruses were removed and no
errors were encountered. If there were errors, try to fix the problems and
disinfect the problem files or device again. If they do not go away, you
need to read the instructions or get help from a Mac expert.

4)	HyperCard Users may wish to defend against the very rare Dukakis
HyperCard stack virus. This virus only propogates and infects HyperCard
stacks. To defend against it, I recommend obtaining the Virus Encyclopedia
stack, written by Henry C. Schmitt for The NorthWest of Us, a Suburban
Chicago Macintosh Users' Group. It will offer to innoculate your system the
first time you invoke it.

5)	Vulnerable Users may wish to make use of GateKeeper (version 1.1.1. of
26 June 1989) and GateKeeper Aid (version 1.0.2 of 5 August 1990), both
written by Chris Johnson. These programs offer superior protection from
viruses by blocking virus-like activities, at the expense of having to
configure it to permit legitimate virus-like activities. GateKeeper version
2.0 is expected soon, and will offer unparalleled flexibility in defending
your system from viruses and virus-like activities.

6)	Join a Macintosh Users' Group so you can keep abreast of virus
developments. This is important, because new viruses will appear that
manage to circumvent the safeguards above. The following pages are
extracted with permission from the Disinfectant 2.1 Manual:


Disclaimer and Copyright Notice

Disinfectant may help you detect and remove some Macintosh viruses. It may
fail to locate and repair some infected files. Use it at your own risk.
Neither the author, John Norstad, nor his employer, Northwestern
University, make any warranty, either express or implied, with respect to
this software.

Copyright ) 1988, 1989, 1990, Northwestern University. Permission is
granted to make and distribute copies of this software, provided this
disclaimer and copyright notice are preserved on all copies. The software
may not, however, be sold or distributed for profit, or included with other
software which is sold or distributed for profit, without the permission of
the author.

We also grant permission to extract and reproduce all or part of the
Disinfectant document in other publications, provided it is not for profit
and provided you give appropriate credit to both John Norstad and
Northwestern University.


Quick Start

This section describes how to use Disinfectant for the first time to check
your system for viruses, remove any viruses which you may have on your
system, and protect your system against future infections. We also discuss
a few very important rules and restrictions which you should follow when
using Disinfectant.

% Step 1. Make a virus tools floppy containing a copy of the System file, a
copy of the Finder file, and a copy of Disinfectant.

Use original locked Apple release disks for your copies of the System and
Finder files. Lock the virus tools disk and keep it locked at all times.
Viruses cannot infect files on locked floppies. To lock the floppy, slide
the plastic tab on the back of the floppy up so that you can see through
the hole.

% Step 2. Restart your Macintosh using the virus tools floppy you made in
step 1. Run Disinfectant from the virus tools floppy. Click on the Eject
button to eject the virus tools floppy.

% Step 3. Disinfect all of your hard disks. (Skip this step if you do not
have a hard disk.) Select the RAll DisksS command from the RDisinfectS
menu. Disinfectant will scan all of your hard disks and will remove any
viruses which it discovers.

% Step 4. Disinfect all of your floppy disks. Select the RFloppiesS command
from the RDisinfectS menu. Disinfectant will prompt you to insert floppies
one at a time to be scanned and repaired. Unlock each disk before inserting
it. (Disinfectant cannot repair a disk if it is locked.) You can lock the
disk again after Disinfectant has ejected it.

% Step 5. Install Disinfectant on your hard drive. (Skip this step if you
do not have a hard drive.) Quit Disinfectant. Drag a copy of Disinfectant
to your hard drive.

% Step 6. Install the protection INIT on your hard drive. (Skip this step
if you do not have a hard drive.) Restart your Macintosh using your hard
drive. Run Disinfectant from your hard drive. Select the RInstall
Protection INITS command from the RProtectS menu. Disinfectant will place a
copy of the protection INIT inside the currently active System folder on
your hard drive. An alert will appear asking if you want to restart your
Macintosh to activate the INIT. Click on the Restart button. You should see
the protection INIT icon appear at the bottom of your screen during
startup.

% Step 7. Install the protection INIT on each of your startup floppy disks.
Run any copy of Disinfectant. Select the RSave Protection INITS command
from the RProtectS menu. A standard file dialog will appear. Use the
standard file dialog to save a copy of the protection INIT. Quit
Disinfectant. Drag copies of the protection INIT into the System folder on
each of your startup floppy disks.


There are only a few rules and restrictions when running Disinfectant, but
they are important.

When using Disinfectant in its RdisinfectingS (file repair) mode, use
Finder (instead of MultiFinder) to avoid possible problems with busy files.

Disinfect all your disks at one time. Do not do some of them, then run some
other applications, and finally disinfect the rest of your disks. If you
run other applications before making certain that you have completely
eradicated the virus, you run the risk of reinfecting your system.

Try to make certain that your virus tools disk is not infected. Run
Disinfectant and use the Scan button to check the virus tools disk to
ensure that none of the three files are infected. Keep your virus tools
disk locked to prevent future infection.

You can and should run Disinfectant from your hard drive. It is not
necessary to run it from your virus tools floppy for everyday use. If you
encounter problems running it from your hard drive, however, we suggest
that you try restarting your Mac using the virus tools disk and then run
Disinfectant from the virus tools disk. This avoids INIT conflicts and
other possible causes of problems.

You should now be ready to use Disinfectant for the first time. The
remainder of this manual gives more information about Macintosh viruses and
Disinfectant. You may read it now if you wish, or return to read it later.

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